Russian propaganda and disinformation during The Second Karabakh War: conclu-sions and experience for Ukraine

Abstract

The second war in Karabakh demonstrated that hybrid warfare is a real and effective tool for achieving strategic goals in modern conditions. This conflict became not only a military confrontation but also a battleground for active propaganda and disinformation, including from the indirect participant in this conflict Russian Federation. The Second Karabakh War provides valuable lessons for Ukraine, which can be used to strengthen national security and diplomatic efforts aimed at achieving victory in the hybrid Russian-Ukrainian war. In this context, researching Russia’s role in spreading disinformation and manipulation in contemporary local conflicts, as well as analyzing the content, forms, methods, and ways of Russian disinformation and manipulation, is extremely important, especially in the face of Russian aggression against Ukraine.